Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is a colorless, water-soluble organic compound with the formula C5H4NCO2H. This vitamin is essential for various biochemical processes to take place in the body, one being the metabolism of fat. Niacin may also lower blood pressure, particularly at higher doses administered over a longer period of time. Additionally, there is another common form of B3 called niacinamide.

See also: Herbs for High Blood Pressure

How Does Niacin Work?

Niacin and the lowering of blood pressure

Immediate-release niacin may lower blood pressure because of its vasodilatory effects. Some clinical studies have found that niacin may lower BP when administered over an extended period of time. Niacin activates the G protein-coupled GPR109A receptors on cells such as adipocytes, which may impact on lipid metabolism. These receptors are also found on epidermal Langerhans cells in the skin, and generate prostaglandins such as PGD2, which in turn, stimulate PGD2 type 1 (PD1) receptors on vascular smooth-muscle cells in dermal arterioles, resulting in vasodilatation and flushing. GPR109A activation on Langerhans cells may also produce PGE2 and possibly other mediators that could potentially influence vascular tone and thus may also contribute to a lowering of blood pressure. Additionally, niacin could potentially activate its receptor on other cell types (including other components of the cardiovascular system) that could lead to haemodynamic changes. Additionally, niacin could have other effects (not mediated by GPR109A) that could have a positive impact on high blood pressure.

Niacin and the lowering of cholesterol and triglycerides

Niacin is recommended by some experts to help lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol levels within the body. Because of its ability to promote the break down of fats niacin has a potential role to play in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Some cardiologists prescribe 3 grams of niacin per day or even higher amounts for patients with very high cholesterol levels. Unfortunately, at this high level, niacin has negative side effects. It should be noted that numerous studies have shown that for 67% of patients a dose of 3,000 mgs or more of daily niacin still did not promote the lowering of cholesterol. Additionally, the other form of Vitamin B3, niacinamide had no effect on cholesterol what so ever.

Other studies involving pharmacological doses of niacin have indicated that it can reverse atherosclerosis by reducing total cholesterol, triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and LDL; and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It has been proposed that niacin has the ability to lower lipoprotein(a) which is beneficial in reducing thrombotic tendency.

Niacin, prescribed at doses between 1000 and 2000 mg taken two to three times daily, blocks the breakdown of fats in adipose tissue, more specifically VLDL, the precursor of LDL. Because niacin blocks the breakdown of fats, it results in a decrease in free fatty acids in the blood and, as a consequence, decreased secretion of VLDL and cholesterol by the liver.

By lowering VLDL levels, niacin also increases the level of HDL or “good” cholesterol in the blood, and therefore it is sometimes prescribed for patients with low HDL, that are also at high risk of a heart attack.

Niacin side effects

When used at lower doses, such as those found in a daily multi-vitamin (20 mg daily = 100% of RDA), niacin is very safe. However, pharmacological doses of niacin (1.5 - 6 g per day) often result in side effects that include:

Dermatological effects: Skin flushing due to dilation of blood vessels lasting about 15 to 30 minutes and itching, dry skin, skin rashes. Skin flushing is mediated by prostaglandin and can be blocked by ingesting 300 mg of aspirin about 30 minutes before taking niacin, or by taking one tablet of ibuprofen per day. Taking niacin with meals also helps to diminish this side effect. One clinical study demonstrated that the incidence of flushing was significantly lower with a sustained release niacin formulation, although doses above 2 g per day have been associated with liver damage, particularly with slow-release formulations.

Gastrointestinal effects: Dyspepsia (indigestion) and liver toxicity (fulminant hepatic failure).

Elevated blood sugar: High-dose niacin may also elevate blood sugar, thereby worsening diabetes mellitus.

Gout: Hyperuricemia is another side effect of taking high-dose niacin, and may exacerbate gout.

Birth defects: Niacin used at pharmacological doses has been associated with birth defects in laboratory animals, with possible consequences for infant development in pregnant women.

Maculopathy: Niacin taken at extremely high doses can also cause maculopathy, a thickening of the macula and retina which leads to blurred vision and blindness. This can be reversed by terminating niacin intake.

Also, avoid alcohol or hot beverages near the time of the niacin dose.

How to take niacin

Take this medication with food to prevent stomach upset. Follow any special dietary recommendations made by a doctor or nutritionist while taking this medication. If prescribed bile acid resin drugs (e.g. colestipol, cholestyramine) leave at least a 6 hours before taking niacin. Since alcohol can intensify drug side effects, ask a doctor or pharmacist about drinking alcohol while taking high dose niacin. If niacin is being used as a cholesterol treatment, breast-feeding is not recommended due to possible infant side effects. Consult a doctor before you breast-feeding.

Niacin dosage

The recommended daily dose of niacin is 2–12 mg/day for children, 14 mg/day for women, 16 mg/day for men and 18 mg/day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. The upper limit for adult men and women is 35 mg/day which is based on flushing as the critical side effect, at 10 to 20 minutes after niacin is taken.

Niacin drug interactions

Inform a doctor if taking over-the-counter or prescription drugs especially: high blood pressure drugs, diabetes medicine, fibrates (e.g. gemfibrozil, fenofibrate) or statins (e.g. lovastatin, atorvastatin). If taking insulin or oral diabetes medication, the dosage may need to be altered due to increased blood sugar levels caused by niacin. Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval.

Niacin in food

Niacin is found in variety of foods including liver, chicken, beef, fish, cereal, nuts, mushrooms, brewer’s yeast, avocados, dates, tomatoes, leaf vegetables, broccoli, carrots, sweet potatoes, asparagus, dairy products and eggs.

NOTE: This information is given for educational purposes only and should not be used for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease. It should not be used to replace the services of a qualified practitioner.

Rosemary is used to combat the hair loss, stimulate the growth of new hair, strengthen hair roots, support hair follicles, and clean the scalp and hair of impurities. Rosemary oil is believed to be even more effective in fighting hair loss and eliminating dry dandruff, than water-based rosemary infusions due to high levels of antioxidants. It is very effective in treating dandruff, which is one of the scalp conditions that can lead to hair loss. Rosemary is known to help darken gray hair if used over an extended period of time. Rosemary will also eliminate dryness and act as an excellent conditioner.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. Forms range from upright to trailing; upright plants can reach up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Flowers, very common in a mature and healthy specimen, bloom in summer in the north; but can be permanently blooming in warm-winter climates. They are variable in color, being white, pink, purple or blue.

Rosemary and hair loss

Rosemary is used to combat the hair loss, stimulate the growth of new hair, strengthen hair roots, support hair follicles, eliminate dandruff and clean the scalp and hair of impurities. Both fresh and dry plants can be used to make water or spirit infusions to use as aromatic hair conditioners, splitz or hair rinses. In addition, home-made rosemary vinegar, as well as rosemary oil, can be applied to the hair roots or used in different other ways to treat hair loss.

Both fresh and dry rosemary are used to make various herbal infusions that can be applied to the hair. To make a simple water infusion, put several handfuls of rosemary into a water-filled pot, bring to boil and gently simmer for about 5 to 15 minutes. Allow to cool, strain into a container and pour through the hair after shampooing. There is no need to wash the rosemary out of the hair after application. The procedure can be repeated every time the hair is washed.

Rosemary oil is believed to be even more effective in fighting hair loss and eliminating dry dandruff than water-based rosemary infusions. Extra-virgin, cold-pressed olive oil is known to be beneficial for the scalp and hair; it acts as a good base for a rosemary infusion. Fresh herbs are the best to use in the preparation of rosemary oil, but dry rosemary can also be used.

Another way to use rosemary for topical hair applications is to make rosemary vinegar. It is advisable to infuse rosemary only in raw and, preferably, high quality organic apple cider vinegar. Apple cider vinegar has long been recognized for its hair-rejuvenating properties. Combined with rosemary, this vinegar can be used as a remedy for dull, weak and falling hair.

Rosemary side effects

When rosemary is harvested appropriately and used within recommended guidelines, side effects are minimal. A few instances of allergic skin reactions to topical preparations containing rosemary have been reported.

Recent research has shown that rosemary interferes with the absorption of iron in the diet, which indicates that it should not be used internally by persons with iron deficiency anemia.

Rosemary in culinary or therapeutic doses is generally safe. A toxicity studies of the plant on rats has shown hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities (Fahim et al. 1999. Allied studies on the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on experimental hepatotoxicity and mutagenesis. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 50: 413-427). However, caution is necessary for individuals displaying allergic reaction or prone to epileptic seizures. Rosemary essential oil may have epileptogenic properties, as a handful of case reports over the past century have linked its use with seizures in otherwise healthy adults or children (Burkhard et al. 1999. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. Journal of Neurology 246: 667–670).

Rosemary essential oil is potentially toxic if ingested. Large quantities of rosemary leaves can cause adverse reactions, such as coma, spasm, vomiting, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) that can be fatal. Avoid consuming large quantities of rosemary especially if pregnant or breastfeeding.

Rosemary should not be used by anyone who is pregnant or suffering from epilepsy without first consulting their doctor. Since rosemary is a stimulant and is used sometimes as an herbal heart tonic it should also not be used by heart patients without first consulting a doctor.

Health benefits of rosemary

For most tonics and recipes rosemary leaves are used more often than the flowers or the rest of the plant Rosemary is used by herbalists as a remedy for the gall bladder and the liver. Rosemary is also used as an antiseptic for treating flu, viruses and colds. Sore muscles, rheumatism and arthritis are claimed to often respond well to rosemary oils applied during massage.

Rosemary is also believed to help lower blood sugar, relieve cramps and stimulate blocked menstrual flow.

Rosemary and memory

Rosemary has a centuries-old reputation for improving memory.

Rosemary and free radicals

The results of a study suggest that carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Lou Gehrig’s.

Rosemary contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants such as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid. Other bioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves), caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, and rosmanol.

Rosemary essential oils

Rosemary essential oil is extracted by a method of steam distillation of the entire flowering plant. The resulting oil is a light buttery yellow. It is estimated that it takes close to 70 pounds of the flowering plant to yield one pound of essential rosemary oil.

Rosemary tea

Fresh brewed rosemary tea is often drunk as an alternative to caffeine to give an instant burst of energy. Many health food stores sell rosemary prepared in tea bags or as loose teas. Steep for 20 minutes, or more, before drinking.

Cultivation

Although rosemary originated in the Mediterranean regions, it is now widely cultivated in France, Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia and Tunisia. Rosemary grows on friable loam soil with good drainage in an open sunny position. It will not withstand water logging and some varieties may be susceptible to frost. It grows best in neutral - alkaline conditions pH (pH 7-7.8) with average fertility. It can be propagated from an existing plant by clipping a shoot 10-15 cm (4-6 in) long, stripping a few leaves from the bottom and planting directly into soil.

Licorice extract has been shown to inhibit testosterone 5-alpha-reductase, and also androgen receptor binding and antimicrobial activities, which are closely related to sebum secretion. Licorice can help prevent hair loss but should be avoided by pregnant women because of the adverse effects it may have on the developing fetus. If ingested in higher than recommended amounts it can be toxic.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), or liquorice as it is known in the UK, is a legume (related to beans and peas), native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to a height of 1 m, with pinnate leaves. The flowers are purple to pale whitish blue and the fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 cm long, containing several seeds. The flavor of licorice comes mainly from anethole (trans-1-methoxy-4-[prop-1-enyl]benzene), a sweet-tasting compound also found in anise, fennel, and other herbs. Additional sweetness in licorice comes from glycyrrhizic acid, an anti-viral compound more than 50 times sweeter than sugar.

Side effects of licorice

Large doses of glycyrrhizinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in licorice extract can lead to hypokalemia and serious increases in blood pressure, a syndrome known as apparent mineralocorticoid excess. These side effects stem from the inhibition of the enzyme 11?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (type 2) and subsequent increase in activity of cortisol on the kidney. 11?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase normally inactivates cortisol in the kidney. Therefore, licorice’s inhibition of this enzyme makes the concentration of cortisol appear to increase.

Some researchers have concluded that one gram of licorice root per day is enough to cause potential health problems. As a result, deglycyrrhizinated products are now being manufactured. These new products do not have the same healing properties as their former counterparts, but they are less harmful. In fact, they have proven superior to glycyrrhizinated products for some health conditions such as ulcers, heartburn, cancer sores or skin ailments than the.

Excessive consumption of licorice, or licorice candy, is known to be toxic to the liver and cardiovascular system, and may produce hypertension and oedema. There have been occasional cases where blood pressure has increased with excessive consumption of licorice tea, but such occasions are rare and reversible when the herb is withdrawn. Most cases of hypertension from licorice have been caused by eating too much concentrated licorice candy. Doses as low as 50 grams (2 oz) of licorice daily for two weeks can cause a significant rise in blood pressure.

A study carried out in Iran showed that the administration of 1.3 grams of dry extract of licorice over 10 days diminished testosterone and inhibited sexual desire. Additionally, a study carried out in Finland demonstrated that the consumption of licorice caused premature childbirth.

Licorice should not be used by patients with Type II diabetes, by patients with arterial hypertension or by individuals with low potassium in the blood.

A European Commission 2008 health report suggested that no more than 100mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day should be consumed, because it can raise blood pressure or cause muscle weakness, chronic fatigue, headaches or swelling, and lower testosterone levels in men. Comparative studies of pregnant women suggest that licorice can also adversely affect both IQ and behavior traits of offspring.

Licorice overdose symptoms

Headache can occur due to an increase in blood pressure increase. Edema can occur mainly in the face and in the ankles. The sensation of burning in the extremities, weakness, cramps, dark urine, lost of menstruation, problems with the libido and arrhythmia have also been reported. Symptoms usually diminish quickly if licorice consumption is discontinued.

Health benefits of licorice

There are two types of medicinal licorice: European licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and the Chinese species, Glycyrrhiza uralenis. Only the roots and stems are used.

Licorice as an expectorant

Powdered licorice root is an effective expectorant, and has been used for this purpose since ancient times, especially in Ayurvedic medicine where it is also used in tooth powders. Modern cough syrups often include licorice extract as an ingredient.

Licorice for respiratory problems

Licorice root has anti-inflammatory properties and is used in the treatment of respiratory ailments such as sore throat, cough, cold and asthma.

Licorice as a remedy for gastrointestinal tract problems

Licorice root has antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties in relation to the gastric mucosa, which helps to alleviate bloating, indigestion and other more serious bowel conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease However, it is preparations with DGL licorice (licorice without glycyrrhizin) that have proved to be more effective in counteracting excess stomach acid. This property is useful in treating heartburn and stomachache.

Licorice as a treatment for ulcers

Licorice is used in conventional and naturopathic medicine for both mouth ulcers and peptic ulcers. It has been extensively studied as a possible treatment for ulcers. Studies have shown that licorice prevents the secretion of corrosive gastric acid while reducing pepsin activity. A study of patients suffering from recurring ulcers showed that after 6 weeks of treatment with licorice root, 90% had improved and of those, 24% exhibited complete recovery (Morgan et al. 1982. Gut 23(6):545-551).

Licorice and the liver

The active components in licorice root have been shown to support liver function. Studies involving patients with hepatitis C or liver inflammation indicate that an 80-240 mg per day dose of glycyrrhizin, delivers significant improvements in liver function. After the treatment was stopped, symptoms reverted to pre-study levels (Luper. 1999. Altern Med Rev 4(3):178-188).

Licorice as a laxative

Licorice acts as a mild laxative and may be used as a topical antiviral agent for shingles, ophthalmic, oral or genital herpes.

Licorice for viral infections

The compound glycyrrhizic acid, found in licorice, is now routinely used in Japan for the treatment and control of chronic viral hepatitis. Japanese studies have shown that glycyrrhizin can prevent the growth of viral encephalitis in test tubes. Licorice creams are available which are applied directly to herpes sores three to four times per day.

Licorice and the endocrine system

Licorice contains isoflavones (phytoestrogens) and can affect the body’s endocrine system. It can lower the amount of serum testosterone, but whether it affects the amount of free testosterone is unclear. Consuming licorice is recommended for reducing high sex drive in men. Licorice is believed to be able to prevent hyperkalemia. Licorice can also be used to treat ileitis, leaky gut syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease as it acts as an antispasmodic.

Licorice and age-related mental decline

The compounded carbenoxolone is derived from licorice. Studies indicate that it may inhibit an enzyme in the brain that is involved in making stress-related hormones, which have been associated with age-related mental decline.

Other medicinal uses of licorice

Other uses of licorice include use as a remedy for: inflammation, arthritis,depression, chronic fatigue, kidney problems, fever and allergies.

Licorice and women’s heath

Licorice root contains flavanoids and plant phytoestrogens that have properties similar to estrogen but without the negative side effects normally associated with elevated levels of this hormone. Studies on the effects of the phytoestrogens contained in licorice show it to be a possible remedy for symptoms of PMS, such as bloating, irritability and breast tenderness. Researchers conclude that these phytoestrogens may compensate for the natural decline in estrogen in aging women and as such, defer the effects of menopause.

Licorice external applications

The applications of licorice for external use are based on its capacity to inhibit the growth of viruses, bacteria and fungi.

Licorice dosage

Licorice can be obtained as a chewable wafer, tincture, lozenge, capsule, cream, dried herbal tea and as a liquid. It is advisable to look for licorice that contains a standardized extract of 22 percent glycyrrhizin or those products labeled DGL (deglycyrrhizinated) depending on symptoms. For most health problems, 200 mg of the glycyrrhizinated capsules, taken three times per day is recommended, but the amount will vary according to the symptoms. It is always best to speak with a health professional, especially in cases where there is a history of high blood pressure or if taking diuretics or steroid medications, since licorice may adversely interact. It is also possible that some candies (especially European), chewing tobacco, sodas and cough medicines may contain licorice and if taken in excess, may cause serious problems. However, there are no known side effects for DGL.

Licorice active principles

Licorice contains: Sugars (glycyrrhizin, glucose and sucrose); Flavonoids (licoflavonol, licoricone, glycyrol, glyzarin, formononetin, isoliquiritigenin, glabrol, glabrone); Saponins; Tannins; Betacarotenes; Amino acids (asparagine); Proteins; Acids (salicylic, malic, betulinic, glycyrrhetic, glycyrrizic); Minerals (calcium, chromium, cobalt, phosphorous, magnesium potassium, silicon and sodium); Vitamins (vitamin C, thiamin).

Licorice cultivation

Although Licorice was originally found in parts of Southwestern Asia and Southeastern Europe, today it is extensively cultivated in Russia, India, Persia, Iran and Spain. It also continues to grow wild in Turkey and Greece. One species grows in North America, ranging from Western Ontario to Washington and south to Texas. Licorice grows best in deep, fertile, well-drained soils, with full sun, and is harvested in the autumn, two to three years after planting. Licorice extract is produced by boiling licorice root and subsequently evaporating off most of the water. Licorice extract is traded both in solid and syrup form.

Advecia is a natural product which claims to effectively treat hair loss. Advecias’ primary ingredients are beta sitosterol, saw palmetto, green tea extract, arginine, lysine and grape seed extract. Can these ingredients really have a significant impact on thinning hair and baldness? Advecia’s website does not present convincing evidence that Advecia actually works. While some clinical studies have been carried out, they have been on individual ingredients and not on Advecia itself. Very few customer reviews are listed on the website. However, internet reviews and testimonials are generally positive.

What is Advecia?

Advecia is a hair loss product manufactured by Progressive Health Nutraceuticals Inc., a privately held company founded in 1997. Advecia is a blend of herbs, vitamins and minerals formulated to promote hair growth in both men and women. It is essentially a nutritional supplement designed to help prevent hair loss at its onset and improve the health of the existing hair. The manufacturer gives no promise of hair regrowth. Unlike many other natural hair loss treatments, it is only available in the form of capsules. Although the manufacturer does not specifically state so, it seems to be suitable for both sexes.

How does Advecia work?

Advecia is claimed to work by delivering important nutrients to hair follicles in the scalp, slowly making them stronger and thicker. Advecia is also claimed to reverse the effects of hormones that caused the initial hair loss. With proper nutrition and increased blood flow to the scalp, dormant follicles can begin producing healthy hair once again. Key ingredients in Advecia include well-known natural DHT blockers, such as saw palmetto, beta-sitosterol and phytosterol complex. Saw palmetto is rich in phytosterols and beta-sitosterol also happens to be a phytosterol. Though often presented and used as natural substitutes for the drug Finasteride, none of these substances has been clinically proven to be beneficial in treating baldness. L-Lysine is also included in Advecia to help reduce 5-alpha-reductase (a contributor to DHT production) and increase the nitric oxide used by hair. L-Arginine, which is included in Advecia, also contributes to the use of nitric oxide by hair follicles.

In addition, Advecia contains grape seed extract, which is rich in essential fatty acids, green tea extract, amino acids (L-arginine and L-lysine) and procyanidins. Amino acids play an important role in hair growth.

Side effects of Advecia

Advecia is free from the side effects associated with other medications and supplements. The ingredients are all 100% natural.

How long does Advecia take to work?

According to the manufacturer results vary with factors such as age, duration of hair loss and the cause behind the hair loss. Most users are said to experience a reduction in hair loss within two months and new hair growth after five months. The company claims a 70% success rate for people suffering from the initial to intermediate stages of hair loss. The manufacturer is confident enough in Advecia to offer a 180 day guarantee. If Advecia fails to deliver satisfactory results then customers can claim a full refund no questions asked. The cost of shipping is not covered by the guarantee.

Advecia ingredients

Serving Size: 4 capsules.

Amount of ingredients per serving: 37.5 mg of Saw Palmetto Extract; 125 mg of Phytosterol Complex; 50 mg of Beta Sitosterol; 600 mg of Green Tea Extract; 600 mg of L-Lysine; 265 mg of Grape Seed Extract; 250 mg of Proanthyocyanidins/Procyanidins; Rice Powder; Magnesium Stearate; Gelatin.

Advecia drug interactions

Advecia is an all-natural product, so it is unlikely that there would be complications when combining it with general prescription drugs. However, if taking drugs, a medical practitioner should be consulted as a precautionary measure before using Advecia. Advecia can be used in combination with Rogaine and Propecia. These products target hair loss in different ways. Topical hair loss treatments such as Rogaine do not interfere with the effectiveness of Advecia, and may potentially help to increase hair growth.

Results of stopping Advecia

If success is achieved in reaching the desired level of hair regrowth, the manufacturer recommends using Advecia once every 2 weeks for maintenance, not everyday. If you stop taking the Advecia its positive effects on hair growth and condition will eventually diminish.

Advecia dosage

The manufacturer recommends taking two capsules in the morning and two capsules in the evening before sleeping. If stomach discomfort occurs, take with food. Continuous use of Advecia for 45-60 days is said to be necessary for optimum results.

Advecia conclusion

Advecia is not a cure for hair loss, merely a treatment. Large numbers of users have reported good results with Advecia on internet review and blog sites, especially compared with other hair loss products. At around $50 a month, Advecia appears expensive.

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) appears to be beneficial in stimulating hair growth in women. It is often used as one of the ingredients in natural hair loss treatments, although no clinical studies on any of these treatments have been carried out to date. Siberian ginseng is rich in minerals and is believed to reduce stress levels. The herb has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and is thought to increase endurance, improve memory and boost the immune system. By strengthening the immune system Siberian ginseng may also help in preventing illness.

Siberian ginseng, also known as Ci Wu Jia, Devil’s Bush, Eleuthero, Siberian Root, Shigoka, Taiga, Thorny Pepperbush, Touch-Me-Not and Wild Pepper, is a species of small, woody shrub growing to a height of 2 metres. Both the branches and the stem are covered with thorns. The flowers are yellow or violet in colour, grow in umbrella-shaped clusters, and turn into round, black berries in late summer. The root itself is woody and is brownish, wrinkled, and twisted.

Siberian ginseng is different from both American ginseng and Panax ginseng. It is commonly called eleuthero, and was previously marketed in the United States as Siberian ginseng because it has similar herbal properties to those of Panax ginseng. However, it belongs to a different genus in the family Araliaceae. It is currently illegal in the United States to market eleuthero as Siberian Ginseng since “ginseng” only refers to Panax species.

Siberian ginseng grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan and Russia. The plant will grow in sandy, loamy and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral or alkaline chemistry. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are hermaphroditic and are pollinated by insects.

Side effects of Siberian ginseng

Reported side effects have been minimal with use of Siberian ginseng. Mild, transient diarrhea has been reported in a very small number of users.

Patients with medicated high blood pressure should consult their doctor before taking Siberian ginseng as it may reduce their need for medication.

Siberian ginseng may cause light sleep in some individuals. Users are recommended not to take it in the evening.

Siberian ginseng when purchased from non-GMP manufacturers has occasionally been contaminated with Periploca graeca which can potentiate digoxin or similar drugs.

Diabetic patients should take Siberian ginseng solely under medical supervision.

Combining Siberian ginseng with other plants or substances that have a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, such as guarana, coffee, or green and black tea should be avoided.

Siberian ginseng should be avoided:

• during pregnancy and lactation
• by patients with very high blood pressure, liver or kidney disease
• during the acute phase of infections
• at night in individuals suffering from insomnia

This herb is not prescribed for children, and should not be used for more than 3 weeks at one time.

Possible drug interactions of Siberian ginseng

Siberian ginseng may interact with certain medications, such as sedatives, barbiturates and anti psychotic drugs. It can also cause an increase in the effects of oral anti-diabetic medications.

If being treated for any of the following medications, Siberian ginseng should not be taken without first talking to your health care provider:

Digoxin: Siberian ginseng may raise blood levels of digoxin, a drug used to treat heart conditions. This can increase the risk of adverse side effects from this medication.

Sedatives for insomnia: Caution should be used when considering the use of Siberian ginseng with sedatives, primarily barbiturates (a class of medications including pentobarbital used to treat sleep problems or seizures).

Siberian ginseng dosage

Siberian ginseng is available as liquid extracts, solid extracts, powders, capsules and tablets. It can also be obtained as dried or cut root for tea.

It is important to note that there is variation in the quality of Siberian ginseng. Previous evaluations of commercial products claiming to have Siberian ginseng found that as many as 25% of these products had no measurable ginseng at all. Plus, many formulas for sale were contaminated with contents not marked on the label. Care should be taken to purchase Siberian ginseng from reputable manufacturers.

Adult

• Dried root: The recommended dose is 500 - 3,000 mg, daily (tea or capsules)
• Tincture: Herb and alcohol, or herb, alcohol, and water; 1/2 - 1 teasoon, 2-3 times daily.
• Standardized extract: 100 - 200 mg, 2 times daily (standardized to contain 0.8 - 1 % eleutherosides Band E).

For long-term health problems, such as fatigue or stress, Siberian ginseng can be taken for 3 months, followed by 2 - 3 weeks without taking the herb. These cycles can be repeated, but this should be done under the supervision of a health care provider.

Pediatric

This herb is generally not recommended for use in children.

Constituents of Siberian ginseng

Siberian ginseng supplements are made from the root. The root contains a mixture of components, common to many plants but occurring together in Siberian ginseng, called eleutherosides. Amongst the other ingredients are polysaccharides, which have been found to boost the immune system and lower blood sugar levels in laboratory studies using animals. The major constituents of Siberian ginseng are Ciwujianoside A-E, Eleutheroside B (Syringin), Eleutherosides A-M, Friedelin and Isofraxidin.

Health benefits of Siberian ginseng

Siberian ginseng is a relatively new addition to Western herbal medicine. The herb is an adaptogen and is anticholesteremic, mildly anti-inflammatory, an antioxidant, a nervine and an immune tonic. Unlike many herbs with medicinal applications, Siberian ginseng is useful in maintaining good health, rather than just treating ill health.

Currently, most of the research supporting the medicinal uses of Siberian ginseng comes from Russian or Korean. Siberian ginseng contains eleutherosides and triterpenoid saponins. These compounds are lipophilic and can target hormone receptors. Siberian ginseng is claimed to possess a variety of medicinal properties which include:

• boosting the immune system
• boosting endurance
• improving memory
• anti-inflammatory
• chemoprotective
• radioprotective

Immunogenic properties of Siberian ginseng

Siberian ginseng taken regularly can enhance immune function, decrease cortisol levels and inflammatory response, and promote improved cognitive and physical performance.  In clinical studies Siberian ginseng has been successfully used to treat bone marrow suppression caused by chemotherapy or radiation, angina, hypercholesterolemia, neurasthenia with headache, insomnia and poor appetite.

Siberian ginseng has been shown to have immunoprotective effects against breast (mammary gland) carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, oral cavity carcinoma, skin melanoma and ovarian carcinoma. It was found to have a pronounced effect on T lymphocytes, predominantly of the helper/inducer type, but also on cytotoxic and natural killer cells. Siberian ginseng may also be of benefit in combating herpes simplex type II infections.

Recent scientific data also suggests that Siberian ginseng may prove valuable in the long-term management of various diseases of the immune system, including HIV infection, chronic fatigue syndrome and autoimmune illnesses such as lupus.

At present, there is no consensus as to how Siberian ginseng boosts immune system function. Some studies point to Siberian ginseng inducing an increase in interferon biosynthesis. Interferon is a powerful biochemical that has been shown to enhance immune-system activity. It is also believed that polysaccharides (long-chain sugar molecules) found in Siberian ginseng can stimulate the activity of macrophages. These white blood cells have a number of functions in the immune system, including the ingestion and breakdown of infective cells and the stimulation of other immune system cells.

Siberian ginseng as a tonic

Germany’s Commission E has approved Siberian ginseng for use as a tonic in times of fatigue and debility, and during convalescence.

Siberian ginseng and Chinese medicine

Siberian ginseng has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for 2000 years as a remedy for bronchitis, heart ailments and rheumatism. It has also been used as a tonic to restore vigor, improve general health, restore memory, promote healthy appetite and increase stamina. Referred to as ci wu ju in Chinese medicine, it is also used to treat respiratory tract infections, as well as colds and flu.

Siberian ginseng is valued for its beneficial effects on “qi” and its ability to treat “yang” deficiency in the spleen and kidney. Siberian ginseng is considered to be an adaptogen. For example, an adaptogen can lower blood pressure in an individual with high blood pressure, but can raise blood pressure in an individual with low blood pressure.

Siberian ginseng and athletics

Siberian ginseng’s ability to increase stamina and endurance led Soviet Olympic athletes to take it as part of their training regime. It has been shown to enhance mental acuity and physical endurance without the drop off associated with caffeinated products. Research has shown that Siberian ginseng enhances the utilization of oxygen by exercising muscle.

Siberian ginseng and radiation protection

After the Chernobyl accident, many Siberian citizens were given Siberian ginseng to counteract the effects of radiation.

Clinical studies on Siberian ginseng

Until recently, most scientific research on Siberian ginseng was conducted in Russia.

Siberian ginseng is now used in some treatment centres in the support of cancer patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy, especially in Germany. Studies have shown that Siberian ginseng, when given to cancer patients, significantly reduces the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy (e.g., nausea, weakness, fatigue, dizziness and loss of appetite). Other research with cancer patients has linked Siberian ginseng with improved healing and recovery times and improved immune cell counts.

Immune system

In a clinical study carried out by Bohn and co-workers in West Germany 18 subjects were evaluated for a total of 4 weeks. Venous blood was taken both before and after the administration of Siberian ginseng. Overall, the Siberian ginseng treatment group showed an increase in immune cells. Total T-cell numbers were 78% higher, T helper/ inducer cells increased by 80%, cytotoxic T cells were 67% higher and NK cells rose by 30%, compared to the control group. B-cell lymphocytes, which are cells that produce antibodies against infectious organisms, also showed an increase of 22% in Siberian ginseng treated subjects, as compared with controls. No side effects were reported.

Mental performance

A 3-month study of Siberian ginseng in middle-aged volunteers found that there was a significant improvement in memory and concentration as compared to placebo.

Herpes viral infection

A 6-month study of 93 people with herpes simplex virus type 2 (which can cause genital herpes lesions) found that Siberian ginseng reduced frequency, severity and duration of outbreaks. Talk to your doctor about whether it is safe or appropriate for you to use Siberian ginseng as a supplement to prevent herpes outbreaks.

Saw palmetto is also known as Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata American dwarf palm tree and cabbage palm. It is the fruit of a small palm tree which grows in the southeastern US. Saw palmetto extract is the primary active ingredient in many natural hair loss remedies, including Advecia, Avacor, Procerin, Provillus, Revivogen and Scalp Med. Saw palmetto has been used extensively to treat BPH. It is rich in fatty acids and phytosterols and is believed to be able to block dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Research findings regarding saw palmetto are conflicting. There are papers that have reported that saw palmetto is beneficial in treating BPH. However, there are also research studies that claim that saw palmetto may not have any effect on the plasma concentration of DHT or the prostate gland itself. Saw palmetto has never been clinically evaluated as a hair loss treatment, and its efficacy and mechanism of action remain unknown. In addition, saw palmetto can have side effects and should be used with caution.

Saw palmetto dosage

The recommended dose is a 160mg capsule taken twice each day, but the ingredients need to be made from the berry extract and not the dried berries themselves.

For enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy), a dose of 320 mg daily, in one dose or two divided doses (80% to 90% liposterolic content), has been used in numerous studies. Traditional dosages include: 1 to 2 gm of ground, dried, or whole berries daily; 2 to 4 ml of tincture (1:4) three times daily; 1 to 2 milliliters fluid extract of berry pulp (1:1) three times daily; or tea (2 teaspoons of dried berry with 24 ounces of water, simmered slowly until liquid is reduced by half) taken as 4 ounces three times daily. Teas prepared from saw palmetto berries are potentially not as effective because the active ingredients may not dissolve in water.

Not enough information is available to recommend the use of saw palmetto in children.

Side effects of saw palmetto

Few allergic reactions to saw palmetto have been reported.

Saw palmetto may cause mild side effects, including stomach discomfort. Some male users of saw palmetto have reported tender breasts and a decline in sexual desire. Few severe side effects related to saw palmetto have been reported in the scientific literature. The most common side effects involve the stomach and intestines, and include stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, bad breath, constipation, and diarrhea. Stomach upset caused by saw palmetto may be reduced by taking it with food. A small number of reports describe ulcers or liver damage and yellowing of the skin (jaundice), but the role of saw palmetto is not clear in these cases. Similarly, reports of headache, dizziness, insomnia, depression, breathing difficulties, muscle pain, high blood pressure, chest pain, abnormal heart rhythm, and heart disease have been reported, but are not clearly caused by saw palmetto. Patients with health conditions involving the stomach, liver, heart, lungs, or are scheduled for surgery should use caution in taking saw palmetto.

Saw palmetto may have effects on the body’s response to the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone, but no specific effect has been well documented in humans. Men or women taking hormonal medications (such as finasteride/Proscar®/Propecia® or birth control pills) or who have hormone-sensitive conditions should use caution. In theory, PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels may be artificially lowered by saw palmetto. Potentially there could be a delay in diagnosis of prostate cancer or alteration of PSA levels during treatment or monitoring in men with known prostate cancer.

Because of possible hormonal activity, saw palmetto extract is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Research on saw palmetto

Several clinical trials indicate that saw palmetto may be effective for treating BPH symptoms such as nighttime urination, urinary flow, and overall quality of life, although it may not greatly reduce the size of the prostate. In 2006, a study involving 225 men with BPH demonstrated no improvement in symptoms at a daily dose of 320 mg saw palmetto for 1 year. Considered overall, there is not enough scientific evidence to convincingly support the use of saw palmetto for treating BPH.

Currently there is not enough scientific evidence to recommend the product PC-SPES® (which contains saw palmetto) for the treatment of prostate cancer. PC-SPES® also contains seven other herbs (Chrysanthemum morifolium, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ganoderma lucidum, Isatis indigotica, Panax pseudo-ginseng, Rabdosia rubescens and Scutellaria baicalensis). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a warning not to use PC-SPES® because it contains the anticoagulant chemical warfarin and may cause bleeding.

Health benefits of saw palmetto

Saw palmetto is used as a remedy for urinary symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). Saw palmetto is also used for other conditions, including chronic pelvic pain, bladder disorders, decreased sex drive, hair loss and hormone imbalances.

The ripe fruit of saw palmetto can be taken in several forms, including ground and dried fruit or whole berries. It is available as a liquid extract, tablets, capsules and as an infusion or a tea.

Pygeum africanum, also known as pigeum, African plum, African prune, alumty, iluo, kirah, natal tree, Pigeum africanum, is a large evergreen tree found in central and southern Africa. It generally grows at altitudes of 3000 feet or higher. Pygeum is becoming endangered due to the demand for its bark. The extracts from its bark contain several compounds have been used for many years to treat BPH. In common with saw palmetto and nettle root, Pygeum is believed to inhibit the enzyme 5-alpha reductase which converts testosterone to follicle-damaging DHT. Despite a lack of clinical evidence of any positive impact on hair loss, Pygeum can be found in a number of natural hair loss remedies.

The assumed ability of Pygeum africanum to block conversion of testosterone to DHT has lead to its inclusion in natural and herbal hair loss remedies. However, Pygeum africanum in isolation has never been evaluated in clinical hair loss studies. This lack of clinical evidence does not automatically imply that it is ineffective in treating hair loss. Due to Pygeum’s low health risk profile, it can be used safely by those patients who are, for whatever reason, seeking an alternative to the medicinal DHT inhibitors, such as finasteride.

Health benefits of Pygeum africanum

The extract from Pygeum bark is used in herbal medications to relieve symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or prostate enlargement. Although the mechanism of its action is unknown, it is assumed that Pygeum could inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is the main cause of BPH and is also believed to be the primary factor responsible for male and female pattern baldness. In one clinical study, the effects of Pygeum africanum on BPH were examined in conjunction with nettle root extract (another DHT blocking agent) and it was concluded that combining these two herbs increased their effectiveness.

Pygeum bark has been used in herbal medicine in Europe since the 1700s. Traditionally, the bark of the tree was gathered and powdered and made into a tea which was taken for genito-urinary complaints. Pygeum has also shown promise in preventing or reducing the symptoms of prostate cancer and chronic prostatis.

Some additional traditional uses of Pygeum include use as an aphrodisiac, and as a remedy for fever, impotence, kidney disease, malaria, partial bladder outlet obstruction, urinary tract infections, inflammation, malaria, prostatic adenoma, and psychosis.

One of the key active compounds in Pygeum, oleanolic acid, may also stimulate an immune response that can prevent development of malignancy in those with benign prostate enlargement (Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao. 1989;10(4):381-84).

Pygeum dosage

The powdered bark is made into pills, capsules or a liquid extract. The common daily dose range for Pygeum is 50 to 200 mg. However, doses as high as 500 mg per day have been taken. The most current available medical and scientific literature indicates that this dietary supplement should be standardized to 12% phytosterols per dose. 100mg of the standardized extract can be taken 1-2 times a day.

Side effects of Pygeum africanum

Side effects of Pygeum may sometimes occur and can include stomach discomfort, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, dizziness, or visual disturbances. One clinical study reported a good safety profiles after 12 months of using 100 mg Pygeum daily in 174 subjects. In animal studies it was found that 500 times the therapeutic dose of Pygeum had no adverse effects, and amounts equivalent to 50 times the therapeutic dose had no effect on fertility. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated no carcinogenic effects.

Pregnant women should not take Pygeum due to the lack of scientific evidence about its safety. Pygeum has not been proven safe for use by children. Pygeum may cause an increase of the benefits to the prostate from prescription drugs or other herbal supplements aimed at reducing it. For this reason care should be taken when adding Pygeum to any regimen for BPH or other prostate condition.

This information is educational in context and is not to be used to diagnose, treat or cure any disease. Please consult your licensed health care practitioner before using this or any medical information.

Pumpkins and other squashes are native to North and Central America, but are now cultivated around the world. The seeds are primarily used in herbal medicine. The yellow blossoms of pumpkins are also used as a health remedy in some native traditions. The viscous oil extracted from pumpkin appears green in thin a layer and red in a thick layer. Pumpkin seed oil is believed to be a natural DHT blocker. The potency of this herbal remedy is still under scientific investigation. At present, no clinical study exists regarding its potency to block DHT or its effectiveness in treating baldness.

Pumpkin seed ingredients

Pumpkin seed oil is rich in iron, zinc essential fatty acids, amino acids, phytosterols, minerals and vitamins. Other constituents include delta-7-sterine, mucilaginous carbohydrates and minerals. Additionally, pumpkin seeds reportedly contain significant amounts of L-tryptophan.

Pumpkin seed dosage

Patients with BPH have used 160 mg of seed oil extracts standardized for fatty acid content, 3 times per day with meals. Between 5 - 10 grams of pumpkin seeds per day are recommended for kidney stone prevention. As a treatment for parasites, 200–400 grams can be ground down and taken with milk and honey, followed by castor oil two hours later. This treatment, however, should not be attempted without medical supervision.

Side effects of pumpkin oil

No significant side effects have been reported in taking pumpkin seeds, other than an occasional upset stomach. There is no reason to believe pumpkin seeds should be avoided during pregnancy or breast-feeding as they are commonly consumed as a food during these times without any indication of harm. To our knowledge, no significant drug interactions with pumpkin have been reported.

Health benefits of pumpkin

Use of pumpkin seeds for the treatment of intestinal infections led the United States Pharmacopoeia to list them as an official medicine for parasite elimination up until 1936. Native Americans also commonly used pumpkin seeds to treat a variety of kidney problems. Indeed, two clinical studies in Thailand have reported that eating pumpkin seeds as a snack can help prevent the most common type of kidney stone. Animal studies have shown that pumpkin seed extracts can improve the function of the bladder and urethra.

Pumpkin seed oil is most commonly used to treat irritable bowel syndrome. Some studies have also found pumpkin seeds can regulate cholesterol levels. Pumpkin seed oil, when used in combination with saw palmetto, has been found in two clinical trials to diminish the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

In herbal medicine pumpkin seeds can be used to treat urinary tract problems and gastritis, and to remove tapeworms and roundworms from the intestines. Curcurbitin is a compound in pumpkin seeds that has exhibited anti-parasitic activity in in-vitro studies. Clinical trials carried out in China and Russia have shown pumpkin seeds to be useful in treating tapeworm infestations. Pumpkin seed oil is commonly prescribed in German folk medicine as a remedy for parasitic infestations of the intestinal tract.

Nettle (Urtica dioica), also known as common nettle, stinging nettle and big string nettle, are a common weed native to Europe, Asia, North America and North Africa.  Nettles grow to a height of 2 to 4 meters and have pointed leaves and white to yellowish flowers. Nettles can deliver a powerful sting when the skin touches the hairs and bristles on the leaves and stems. They have been used as a folk treatment for centuries. Both the leaves and the root are incorporated in various remedies.

Nettles and hair growth

The root is often used in herbal medicines to relieve the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is therefore assumed that it could prevent the conversion of testosterone to DHT, but clinical studies have not yet been carried out to back this up. Applying an extract of nettles to the scalp is said to stimulate hair growth. A number of studies using cell cultures and animals have demonstrated that extracts of nettle root partially blocked the action of two enzymes (5-alpha-reductase and aromatase) involved in the body’s production of DHT and estrogen. However, nettle root extract was effective only at high concentrations. Although it remains uncertain as to whether or not nettles are really effective against baldness in man, nettles are frequently used as one of the active ingredients in many commercial hair loss remedies. It can be taken in pill or capsule form at doses of 50-100 mg per day. It is reputed to be more effective when combined with pygeum and saw palmetto.

See also: Are Herbal Hair Loss Remedies a Scam?

Types of nettle product

Nettle root, nettle leaf and whole herb (leaf, stem and root) products in tablets, capsules and tinctures are widely available at most health food stores at very reasonable prices. The root is more effective for treating BPH and hair loss, while the leaf is better for inflammation (including prostatitis), allergies and as a natural diuretic that can reduce hypertension.  Nettle is now an ingredient in many herbal formulas for prostate health and hair loss.

Nettle dosage

Both the root and the leaves are traditionally prepared as infusions. In herbal medicine, as a preventative of prostate problems or to maintain prostate health, half a cup of a root infusion taken 2-3 times weekly is recommended. 2-3 ml of a root tincture or 2-3 g of powdered root in capsules or tablets can be substituted if preferred. The traditional remedy for BPH is one-half cup of a root infusion taken 2-3 times daily for 30-90 days. 2-3 ml of a root tincture or 2-3 g in capsules or tablets 2-3 times daily can be substituted if desired. For allergies, inflammation, and hypertension one cup of a leaf infusion is taken twice daily. 3-4 g of leaf tablets/capsules twice daily can be taken as an alternative.

Side effects of nettle

Nettle has been demonstrated in animal studies to lower blood pressure and heart rate. Individuals with heart conditions should seek medical advice before taking nettle. Nettle has also been reported to have diuretic effects. Extended use of this plant may be contraindicated in various medical conditions where diuretics are not advised. Long-term use of any diuretic can cause electrolyte and mineral imbalances. Consult your medical practitioner if intending to use nettle for longer than 30 days.

Drug interactions with nettle

Nettle could magnify the effects of heart medications and diuretic drugs.

Health benefits of nettle

In herbal medicine nettles have been used as a diuretic, to fortify the blood, and to treat arthritis and rheumatism. Externally nettles are used to improve the condition of the hair, and are believed to be a remedy for oily hair and dandruff.

Nettles have been widely used by herbalists around the world for centuries. Bandages soaked in a leaf and stem infusion were used in early American medicine to stop the bleeding of wounds. In Brazilian herbal medicine the entire plant is used to treat excessive menstrual bleeding, diarrhea, diabetes, urinary disorders and respiratory problems including allergies. Topically, an infusion is used as a remedy for skin problems. In Peru nettle is used alleviate a variety of health problems such as muscular and arthritis pain, eczema, ulcers, asthma, diabetes, intestinal inflammation, nosebleeds and rheumatism. Externally it is used for inflammations, sciatica, wounds and head lice.

In Germany nettles are sold as an herbal treatment for prostate diseases and as a diuretic. In the United States the leaf is used as a diuretic, for arthritis, prostatitis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure and allergic rhinitis. The root is recommended as a diuretic, for relief of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and other prostate problems, and as a natural remedy to treat or prevent baldness.

Compounds found in nettle

The compounds in nettle include: acetophenone, acetylcholine, agglutinins, alkaloids, astragalin, butyric acid, caffeic acids, carbonic acid, chlorogenic acid, chlorophyll, choline, coumaric acid, folacin, formic acid, friedelins, histamine, kaempherols, koproporphyrin, lectins, lecithin, lignans, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, neoolivil, palmitic acid, pantothenic acid, quercetin, quinic acid, scopoletin, secoisolariciresinol, serotonin, sitosterols, stigmasterol, succinic acid, terpenes, violaxanthin, and xanthophylls.

The stinging property of the nettle hairs is due to several plant chemicals including formic acid, histamine, serotonin and choline. In addition, nettle leaf is rich in minerals, chlorophyll, amino acids, lecithin, carotenoids, flavonoids, sterols, tannins and vitamins. Nettle root contains other chemicals such as scopoletin, sterols, fatty acids, polysaccharides and isolectins.

Several of nettle’s lectin compounds have demonstrated antiviral actions (against HIV and several common upper respiratory viruses). Other compounds (flavonoids in the leaves and a lectin in the root) have been documented with immune stimulant actions.

Research on nettles

Nettle’s long-standing use as an anti-inflammatory remedy for rheumatism and arthritis has been supported with clinical research. In several clinical studies nettle leaf extracts were reported to have anti-inflammatory actions as well as to be beneficial in relieving arthritis pain and inflammation. Research suggests that nettle’s anti-inflammatory properties are due to its ability to inhibit the production and actions of inflammation-producing immune cells in the body (cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotreines).

Another clinical study confirmed use of nettle in the treatment of allergies and rhinitis (a common inflammatory disorder causing sneezing, nasal congestion and discharge, and itchy skin).

Other studies on animals have found that water extracts of nettle lowered blood pressure, reduced heart rate, and had notable diuretic actions. More recently, research has focused on the use of nettle in the treatment of prostate inflammation (prostatitis) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). In more than 20 clinical studies nettle root (and nettle combined with other herbs) has demonstrated an improvement in clinical symptoms.

Some of the more recent research on BPH and nettles indicates that nettle can inhibit a number of hormone-related chemical processes in the body that are implicated in the development of BPH. In clinical research, nettle has demonstrated the ability to stop the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (by inhibiting an enzyme required for the conversion).

Androgen hormones can have powerful effects on scalp and body hair in both men and women. Hair loss has been linked to excessive dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. While no clinical studies have been conducted yet on the use of nettle in treating DHT-related hair loss and male pattern balding, research does indicate that nettle root can prevent the conversion of testosterone to DHT.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), also known as the Field Horsetail or Common Horsetail, is one of the oldest known plants. It is a bushy perennial with a rhizomatous stem formation and is native to the northern hemisphere.

Treating hair loss with Horsetail

Horsetail has a high silica content and is believed to be beneficial in treating broken bones, osteoporosis, injuries and skin problems. Silica is important in helping to strengthen hair and nails. Along with other minerals and elements contained in Horsetail extracts (potassium, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, fatty acids, etc.), silica promotes healthy hair growth, and improves the quality and condition of the hair. In addition, Horsetail is believed to stimulate the circulation, assisting in nourishing and strengthening hair follicles. Due to these properties, Horsetail extract has become a common ingredient in many hair treatments.

If you want to apply this medicinal herb directly to your hair, you can add several drops of Horsetail extract to your shampoo and wash your hair  as normal. Extracts of this plant can be taken orally or in the form of supplement. Horsetail is also available as a herbal tea (such as Alvita Tea).

Therapeutic uses of Horsetail

Horsetail has traditionally been used in Europe as a diuretic for the treatment of edema. The plant is also occasionally used to treat osteoporosis, nephrolithiasis, urinary tract inflammation and wound healing (topical). These uses have largely been based on anecdotal, rather than scientific evidence. There is some scientific evidence supporting the use of Horsetail as a diuretic. One clinical trial found that horsetail was as effective as calcium in increasing bone density.

Side effects of Horsetail

Horsetail ingestion in large amounts could potentially cause thiamine deficiency, hypokalemia, or nicotine toxicity. Reported side effects include dermatitis.

There are few scientific studies or reports on side effects with Horsetail. The plant is frequently used in Germany and Canada, where it is traditionally considered to be safe when taken at the recommended doses. Studies suggest that horsetail does not change blood pressure.

High doses of horsetail may cause symptoms of nicotine overdose, including fever, cold hands and feet, abnormal heart rate, difficulty walking, muscle weakness, and weight loss. Smokers or people who use nicotine patches or nicotine gum should avoid Horsetail. Reports from animal studies indicate that high doses of Horsetail can cause increased frequency of bowel movements, increased urination, loss of potassium and muscle weakness.

Patients with kidney disorders should avoid horsetail. Studies on mice suggest that Horsetail may affect the kidneys, causing abnormalities in the control of water and potassium excretion. Low potassium levels can have negative effects on the heart. Patients who have heart rhythm disorders or are taking digoxin should also avoid Horsetail.

Horsetail contains an ingredient that destroys thiamine (vitamin B1), which could lead to deficiency of this vitamin with long-term use. Thiamine deficiency can cause permanent damage to the brain and nervous system. As a consequence, Horsetail is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding

People with allergies to nicotine should avoid horsetail. Rash has been reported in a patient taking horsetail with a known sensitivity to nicotine.

Horsetail drug interactions

The use of horsetail with certain diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) may cause dehydration or enhance potassium deficiency. Some steroids and laxative drugs can also lower potassium levels and should not be combined with Horsetail. Patients with heart rhythm disorders who are taking Lanoxin or digitoxin may also experience potassium deficiency if combined with Horsetail. Because Horsetail can stimulate the central nervous system, caution should be used when combining it with stimulant drugs such as nicotine. Many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol, and may cause nausea or vomiting when taken with metronidazole (Flagyl) or disulfiram (Antabuse).

Interactions with Herbs and dietary supplements

Dehydration or electrolyte imbalances may potentially occur when horsetail is used in combination with herbs that increase urination. Dehydration or low potassium levels also may theoretically occur if Horsetail is used with laxatives. Horsetail may interact with stimulants, herbs and supplements with similar properties, such as licorice.

Horsetail dosage

Recommended doses for horsetail in adults are based on historical use. There are no reliable studies available in humans that show horsetail to be effective or safe at any specific dose. There is not enough scientific information to recommend the use of horsetail in children. Poisonings have been reported in children using horsetail stems as whistles.

Tablets/Capsules: From 300 mg capsules taken three times per day, up to 6 grams per day.
Tea: A maximum of 6 cups containing 1.5 grams of dried stem per cup.
Tincture (1:1 in 25% alcohol): 1 to 4 milliliters three times daily.